1. Ictus ischemico [1,2,3,4].
2.Infarto cardiaco [4,5,6,7,8].
3.Ipertensione arteriosa [9,10,11,12,13,14,15]
4.Calcificazioni vascolari [16,17]
E’ stata suggerita una comune patofisiologia tra calcificazioni renali e vascolari poiché la placca vascolare ha dei costituenti comuni con il nido del calcolo (placca di Randall).
L’associazione tra calcolosi urinarie e ipertensione può essere dovuta ad alterazione del metabolismo del calcio o alla sindrome metabolica con insulino-resistenza.
Queste patologie cardiovascolari sono potenzialmente prevenibili trattando il difetto metabolico alla base della calcolosi urinaria.
Bibliografia
1. Lin SY, Lin CL, Chang YJ et al. Association between kidney stones and risk of stroke: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2847.
2. Hsu CY, Chen YT, Huang PH, et al. The association between urinary calculi and increased risk of future cardiovascular events: a nationwide population-based study. J Cardiol 2012;7:463–70.
3. Kim SY, Song CM, Bang W, et al. Nephrolithiasis predicts ischemic stroke: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. Int J Med Sci 2019 Jul 21;16(8):1050-1056.
4. Alexander RT, Hemmelgarn BR, Wiebe N, et al. Kidney stones and cardiovascular events: a cohort study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016;9:506–12.
5. Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Eisner BH, Gambaro G, Rimm EB, Mukamal KJ, Curhan GC. History of kidney stones and the risk of coronary heart disease.JAMA 2013;310(4):408-15.
6. Domingos F, Serra A. Nephrolithiasis is associated with an increases prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:864-868.
7. Rule AD, Roger VL, Melton LJ, 3rd, et al. Kidney stones associate with increased risk of myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1641-1644.
8. Eisner BH, Cooperberg MR, Kahn AJ, et al. Nephrolithiasis and the risk of heart disease in older women. J Urol 2009;181(Suppl):517–8.
9. Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, et al. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension in women. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:802-7.
10. Madore F, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Curhan GC. Nephrolithiasis and risk of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998;11(1 Pt 1):46-53.
11. Strazzullo P, Barba G, Vuotto P, et al. Past history of nephrolithiasis and incidence of hypertension in men: a reappraisal based on the results of the Olivetti prospective heart study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:2232-5.
12. Gillen DL, Coe FL, Worcester EM. Nephrolithiasis and increased blood pressure among females with high body mass index. Am J Kidney Dis 2005;46:263-9.
13. Domingos F, Serra A. Nephrolithiasis is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26:864-8.
14. Ando R, Nagaya T, Suzuki S, et al. Positive associations of current and past history of kidney stones with overweight, hypertension, hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease in a screened population. Urology 2012;1:S51.
15. Kittanamongkolchai W, Mara KC, Mehta RA, et al. Risk of hypertension among first-time symptomatic kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017;12:476–82.
16. Shavit L, Girfoglio D, Vijay V et al. Vascular calcification and bone mineral density in recurrent kidney stone formers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 10:278-285.
17. Ferraro PM, Marano R, Primiano A, et al. Stone composition and vascular calcifications in patients with nephrolithiasis. J Nephrol 2019;32:589-594.